Generally speaking, the deactivation of cylinders begins by turning off the intake and exhaust valves.
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Rather than install a smaller, more efficient engine and compromise acceleration and towing capacity, GM's Active Fuel Management system effectively deactivates unnecessary cylinders as needed to improve engine efficiency. In fact, it is estimated that the average V6 or V8 engine only requires 25 percent of the engine's total power settings during the majority of everyday driving. The concept behind the technology of Active Fuel Management is that high-powered engines are excessively inefficient when high-demand power is not necessary. Originally known as Displacement on Demand in concept cars such as the Cadillac Cien and Cadillac Sixteen, the technology was officially renamed Active Fuel Management prior to being made commercially available. Due to unpredictable functionality, the technology was panned until the 2005 model year, when advancements allowed for more reliable performance. The technology made its debut in Cadillac's ill-received 1981 L62 V8-6-4 engine. V-8 engines are momentarily reduced to V-4 performance. In vehicles with V6 engines, the technology temporary turns the vehicle into an inline V-3 engine. According to EPA test drives, the technology effectively improves fuel economy by 6 to 8 percent.Īctive Fuel Management is typically reserved for larger GM vehicles with V-6 or V-8 engines. The process works by switching off half of the cylinders in the engine until higher demand performance (such as acceleration) reactivates the dormant cylinders. There are other ways to change the genomes of crops, some of which are long established, such as mutational breeding, and others of which are new, such as genome editing, but in this Q&A we are focusing on GM as it is currently usually defined for regulatory purposes in Europe.Active Fuel Management™ is the proprietary technology for General Motors' variable displacement technology, The technology was designed and implemented to conserve fuel during driving situations that require low power demands. For example the sweet potato contains DNA sequences that were transferred thousands of years ago, from Agrobacterium bacteria into the sweet potato genome. On rare occasions, the process of DNA transfer can happen without deliberate human intervention. This is possible because individual plant cells have an impressive capacity to generate entire plants. The plant cells that have successfully taken up the DNA are then grown to create a new plant. The gene of interest is transferred into the bacterium and the bacterial cells then transfer the new DNA to the genome of the plant cells. For GM plants, the bacterium most frequently used is called Agrobacterium tumefaciens. There are many viruses and bacteria that transfer their DNA into a host cell as a normal part of their life cycle.
Another method is to use a bacterium or virus. One of the methods used to transfer DNA is to coat the surface of small metal particles with the relevant DNA fragment, and bombard the particles into the plant cells. The first stage in making a GM plant requires transfer of DNA into a plant cell. The new DNA becomes part of the GM plant’s genome which the seeds produced by these plants will contain. This could include changing the way the plant grows, or making it resistant to a particular disease. Genetic modification of plants involves adding a specific stretch of DNA into the plant’s genome, giving it new or different characteristics. For example, the colour of flowers is determined by genes that carry the instructions for making proteins involved in producing the pigments that colour petals. It is these proteins that give the plant its characteristics. The genome contains genes, regions of DNA that usually carry the instructions for making proteins. The genetic makeup of an organism is its genome, which in all plants and animals is made of DNA.
The characteristics of all living organisms are determined by their genetic makeup and its interaction with the environment. The seeds produced by these plants will inherit the new DNA. Usually, the cells are then grown in tissue culture where they develop into plants. To produce a GM plant, new DNA is transferred into plant cells. GM is a technology that involves inserting DNA into the genome of an organism.
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